Utilitarianism john stuart mill batoche books faculty of social. Our teams are looking into this as we speak and we hope to be able to resolve this issue as soon as possible. Rule utilitarianism act in accordance with those rules which, if generally followed, would provide the greatest general balance of pleasure over pain. Classical utilitarianism was never intended to be a comprehensive system of morality. Discussion of this question has been dominated by realism, pacifism and just war theory. He held that a person could do what they liked, as long as it didnt harm others. Second, utilitarians believe that the good is additive. Utilitarianism, in normative ethics, a tradition stemming from the late 18th and 19thcentury english philosophers and economists jeremy bentham and john stuart mill according to which an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness. This book offers a detailed utilitarian analysis of the ethical issues involved in war. Just war utilitarianism utilitarianism on military ethics russel honore said, in the military, as in any organization, giving the order might be the easiest part. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. Just war utilitarianism approach st georges philosophy. With regards to the war on iraq then, you can compare the war to the points raised by mill.
Shaw concludes the advantage of using the utilitarianism approach to ethics on war is that it allows the theorist to sidestep many insoluble disputes that philosophers have when discussing ethics and war. Dec 16, 2010 just war utilitarianism approach in uncategorized on december 16, 2010 at 1. Utilitarianism and recourse to war volume 23 issue 4 william h. Put notes away when youre ready to begin thank you for. In order for violence to maximize the good, there should be no argument that it should benefit the greatest number of people the majority. It was, in a sense, just a vulgar response to the grounding of morality on the rational self which was a popular topic for debat. The utilitarian mindset in the military january 31. John stuart mill 18061873, himself a utilitarian, sought to rescue utilitarianism from this.
Shaw due to high volumes of traffic at this time we are experiencing some slowness on the site. A utilitarian approach is the greatest good for the greatest number. But both hold equally that morality must be deduced from principles. Though there are many varieties of the view discussed, utilitarianism is generally. Lessons from, and for, criminal law paul butler introduction punishment is violent, but its violence has a purpose. Though not fully articulated until the 19 th century, protoutilitarian positions can be discerned throughout the history of ethical theory. Traces of utilitarian thought can be found in the works of plato and aristotle, but not until the eighteenth century did utilitarianism truly begin to emerge as a welldefined and. For the purpose of this essay, an act utilitarian perspective will be assumed, focussing on the recent war within iraq. Utilitarianism but which states of affairs are valuable and which states of affairs are not. Shaw argues in his careful and mostly convincing defense of utilitarian thinking about the moral issues that war occasions. Utilitarianism holds, first, that a state of affairs is good or bad to some degree. Utilitarianism was first created by jeremy bentham and its core philosophy is to base actions on whether or not they will benefit the majority. It is part of the overarching ethical theory of consequentialism, which is the study of an individuals actions and the effect those actions had on the situation and others.
Jan 31, 2017 utilitarianism is the ethical notion that what is useful is good psy 533, 2017. Shaw presents his rather classical portrait of utilitarianism as. Utilitarianism is the ethical notion that what is useful is good psy 533, 2017. The common ethical dilemma that arises when talking about utilitarianism is the trolley car problem. Utilitarianism and the ethics of war addresses the two basic ethical questions posed by war. Furthermore, the tradition of just war that underlies much of the current regime of international law concerning wars between sovereign states may need to find.
First, the utilitarian calculation requires that we assign values to the benefits and harms resulting from our actions and compare them with the benefits and harms. Obviously the war in iraq has harmed countless people in one way or another so this is a violation of liberty. You can also read more about the friends of the sep society. Utilitarianism tells us that it is the happiness or well being of sentient beings that is the valuable thing. Utilitarianism and the ethics of war, written by william h. This principle says actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote overall human happiness. Utilitarianism is one of the most powerful and persuasive approaches to normative ethics in the history of philosophy. It is the only moral framework that can be used to justify military force or war. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. Utilitarianism and recourse to war utilitas cambridge core.
The first, and shortest, portion of shaws book deals mainly with utilitarianism, the second with war. The ethical theory of john stuart mill 18061873 is most extensively articulated in his classical text utilitarianism 1861. Utilitarianism, act and rule internet encyclopedia of. Utilitarianism and the ethics of war 1st edition william. Pdf a libertarians deontological approach to just war. Free ethics utilitarianism in relation to the war on iraq. But on closer examination, it appears to be applied to several distinct theories, having no necessary connexion with one. Utilitarianism definition, the ethical doctrine that virtue is based on utility, and that conduct should be directed toward promoting the greatest happiness of the greatest number of persons. Nakutis university of massachusetts amherst follow this and additional works at. Today, the distinction between these two types of inquiry would be expressed by saying. Utilitarianism is a philosophical view or theory about how we should evaluate a wide range of things that involve choices that people face. Jeremy benthams 17481832 principle of utility is open to the objection that it may well sacrifice the rights of the minority for the sake of the happiness of the majority. Consequences of utilitarianism and existence of god. Mill, utilitarianism 1863 a brief overview of the reading.
Problems with utilitarianism while utilitarianism is currently a very popular ethical theory, there are some difficulties in relying on it as a sole method for moral decisionmaking. Utilitarianism is a family of consequentialist ethical theories that promotes actions that maximize happiness and wellbeing for the affected individuals. Governments have been fighting wars for thousands of years. The combination of utilitarianism with the belief in god has strong consequences regarding human nature. This pdf version matches the latest version of this entry. Shaw article pdf available in journal of moral philosophy 162. The term utilitarianism is, at the present day, in common use, and is supposed to designate a doctrine or method with which we are all familiar. Pragmatic institutional design rights, i have said, on the view of a utilitarian liberal, are solutions to problems of institutional design, and are not, at the most fundamental level. It has been accepted for inclusion in masters theses 1911. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that defends that we should act in ways that bring about as much happiness as possible in the world.
Although utilitarians view rights in an instrumental way. To view the pdf, you must log in or become a member. The meaning of utilitarianism henry sidgwick defining utilitarianism 1. Shaw, utilitarianism and the ethics of war, london and new york. My purpose in this essay is to make this strange comparison instructive. The first has him thinking like an actutilitarian, that is, as one who does his thinking on a. Its goal is to justify the utilitarian principle as the foundation of morals. After a clear understanding of utilitarianism is established, several crucial decisions relating to the war against iraq will be analysed, and the consequences of these actions will be examined. Rule utilitarian and deontologist perspectives on comparisons.
Among all the facts about the present condition of human knowledge, the state of this controversy is most unlike what might. Pdf utilitarianism and the ethics of war, written by william h. Among the things that can be evaluated are actions, laws, policies, character traits, and moral codes. I some utilitarians even allow for there to be quanti able units of pain and pleasure. General remarks little progress has been made towards deciding the controversy concerning the criterion of right and wrong. Pdf utilitarianism and the ethics of war, written by. However, this view may not be so accurate when thinking about utilitarianism during world war ii. I attempt here, to give a brief explanation of how war or military intervention can be justified, while obeying libertarian principles on. At this point the argument over whether morality is based on reason or on feelings was temporarily exhausted, and the focus of british ethics shifted from such questions about the nature of morality as a whole to an inquiry into which actions are right and which are wrong. Is it wrong to kill someone from a utilitarian perspective. Should a soldier disobey an immoral or unjust command. Utilitarianism i the most common form of consequentialism is utilitarianism i utilitarianism combines consequentialism with the claim that the only valuable consequence is pleasure, and the only disvaluable consequence is pain. What kind of utilitarianism emerges from this root precept. Shaw, utilitarianism and the ethics of war, routledge, 2016, 183pp.
The history of utilitarianism stanford encyclopedia of. Before utilitarianism and iraq is examined more closely, the first factor to be considered in any ethical dispute about battle should be the just war theory. Apr 19, 2019 utilitarianism and the ethics of war, written by william h. What utilitarianism is retain as lively an interest in life on the eve of his death as he had in the vigour of youth and health. As of may 2010, 146 countries have ratified the treaty. Utilitarianism 7 as well as truth and falsehood, are questions of observation and experience. Although different varieties of utilitarianism admit different characterizations, the basic idea behind all of them is to in some sense maximize utility, which is often defined in terms of wellbeing or related concepts.